Raising Healthy Children: Examining the Impact of Promoting Healthy Driving Behavior within a Social Development Intervention

This study evaluated the impact of two targeted family sessions focused on driving issues delivered within the context of the Raising Healthy Children project. The Raising Healthy Children project began in the fall of 1993, drawing students in the 1st or 2nd grades from 10 schools. Schools were assigned to an intervention or control condition, and the school-wide, family- and student-focused preventive intervention to address developmentally salient risk and protective factors was delivered during elementary and middle school. The family driving sessions were administered to families in the intervention condition prior to and after teenagers received their driver's license. The first session consisted of a home visit with families designed to help parents and their children improve decision-making skills concerning driving and to develop clear standards and expectations regarding driving-related behavior. A second session, at the time of licensure, was designed to help parents and teens develop a written contract that stated family expectations, a plan for monitoring compliance with these expectations, and consequences for compliance or non-compliance.Consistent with the study's group-randomized design, intervention effects were assessed with multi-level logistic regression models in which students were grouped by their original school assignment. These models assessed specific effects of the driving sessions by adjusting for control variables measured when students were in 8th grade, prior to the driving sessions. Results indicated that students in the intervention group were more likely than students in the control group to report that they had a written driving contract (p = .003, OR = 4.98), and had participated in making the driving rules in the family (p = .025, OR = 1.70). Further, students in the intervention group reported significantly fewer risky behaviors including driving under the influence of alcohol (p = .021, OR = .45) and driving with someone who had been drinking (p = .038, OR = .56).     

Caffeine consumption in drivers of heavy vehicles in Turkey

Long-distance drivers in Turkey are forced to drive continuously for 15-20 h on intercity roads without sleep or assistant drivers in order that their cargo, comprising perishable goods (e.g. vegetables, fish), can be transported to their destination on time. During long journeys, drivers try to suppress their need for sleep by using substances containing caffeine as they do not want to stop for a rest. The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of gripin by long-distance drivers and its adverse effects. This cross-sectional study was conducted at the resting facilities of the Kirikkale-Ankara highway in December 1999.Sixty-five percent of long-distance drivers took gripin regularly while using their vehicles. Of these, 53.8% used gripin due to headache and 46.2% to prevent sleep. Sixty-five percent of drivers were smokers and 76.9% of smokers took gripin. It was observed that long-distance drivers tend to use substances containing caffeine in order to prevent sleep and headache.     

汽车驾驶员的高血压危险因素分析

目的了解汽车驾驶员的原发性高血压患病情况及主要危险因素,为该人群制定适宜的防治措施。方法采用现况调查的方法,对重庆市746名20～60岁的男性驾驶员行问卷调查、体格检查和血压测量等。同期检测了884名男性非驾驶员人员的血压值。结果男性驾驶员的高血压标化患病率为28.3%,高于非驾驶员18.26%。驾龄、平均每天开车时间、驾驶车型、工作责任和工作紧张感等职业因素与驾驶员高血压有关。多因素Logistic分析显示驾龄、工作责任和工作紧张感、父母患高血压及体重指数(BMI)>25是驾驶员高血压的主要危险因素。结论职业紧张等因素与驾驶员高血压患病有关,需采取相应的综合防治措施。     

CAN总线技术研究与基于CAN总线的生命科学仪器硬件系统设计(下篇)

上篇较为详细地论述了CAN总线的工作原理、特点、常用接口器件和CAN节点构成方法及配置原则。下篇重点论述了CAN总线在生命科学仪器中的应用设计思想和使用技巧经验。     

Roads, railways, and childhood cancers

Study OBJECTIVES: To locate geographical sources of engine exhaust emissions in Great Britain and to link them with the birth addresses of children dying from cancer. To estimate the cancer initiating roles of nearby roads and railways and to measure effective ranges. DESIGN: Birth and death addresses of all children born between 1955 and 1980 in Great Britain, and dying from leukaemia or other cancer during those years, were linked to locations of railway stations, bus stations, ferry terminals, railways, roads, canals, and rivers. Nearest distances to births and deaths were measured, and migration data relating to children who had moved house were analysed. Excesses of close to hazard birth addresses, compared with close to hazard death addresses, indicate a high prenatal or early postnatal risk of cancer initiation. SETTING AND SUBJECTS: Child cancer birth and death addresses and their map references were extracted from an earlier inquiry. Map references of putative hazards were downloaded from the Ordnance Survey national digital map of Great Britain. These data are recorded to a precision of one metre and have ground accuracies around 20 metres. MAIN RESULTS: Significant birth excesses were found within short distances of bus stations, railway stations, ferries, railways, and A,B class roads, with a relative risk of 2.1 within 100 m, tapering to neutral after 3.0 km. About 24% of child cancers were attributable to these joint birth proximities. Roads exerted the major effect. CONCLUSIONS: Child cancer initiations are strongly determined by prenatal or early postnatal exposures to engine exhaust gases, probably through maternal inhalation and accumulation of carcinogens over many months. The main active substance is probably 1,3-butadiene.     

全封闭式空调长途客车车厢空气质量调查

目的 了解全封闭式空调长途客车车厢空气质量状况及对旅客的健康效应.方法 于2004年1月-2005年8月在夏秋季间选择运行时间分别为3、5、7 h的全封闭式空调长途客车各20、20、10辆次,进行车厢空气质量监测,并对乘坐3、7 h车程的旅客进行旅途期间健康效应的问卷调查.结果 随着车辆运行时间的增加.车厢空气中二氧化碳浓度在各运行时间超标较为明显,3、5、7 h车程超标率分别为40%(8/20),55%(11/20),100%(10/10);细菌总数、真菌总数、可吸入颗粒物浓度、风速虽未超标,但呈逐渐增加的趋势;而温度、一氧化碳、甲醛、苯、甲苯、二甲苯浓度均合格且未见增加;β-溶血性链球菌未检出;相对湿度略有下降但未超标.乘客在以往乘车过程中感觉车内有异味,有疲乏症状,有头晕、口干喉痛症状,有眼干的症状,有头痛、呼吸不畅的症状,有恶心、皮肤发痒症状的发生率分别为21.5%(43/200),64.5%(129/200),43%(86/200),21%(42/200),14.5%(29/200)和7%(14/200).结论 全封闭式空调长途客车车厢空气中二氧化碳浓度超标严重,部分乘客在乘车过程中出现不适感.建议尽早制定全封闭式空调长途客车空气质量标准,保护乘客的身体健康.     

基层医院与白内障防盲手术车的协作体会

目的:探讨基层医院与白内障防盲手术车的协作.方法:对本院2004/2006组织783例白内障患者在防盲手术车行手术进行总结.结果:累计30个工作日内,一台手术车,一个主刀医师顺利完成783例白内障手术,术后1d视力≥0.5者744例(95.0%).除1例并发视网膜脱离,2例并发糖尿病视网膜病变,10例先天性白内障手术效果较差外,99.0%均视力有明显改善.结论:基层医院在术前有效地组织,术后护理及合理用药作好相应工作,能协助防盲手术车有序、高效运行,并取得良好的手术效果.     

空调公共汽车与普通公共汽车空气质量的对比研究

了解空调、普通公共汽车内空气质量现状,探索公共汽车空气质量的影响因素。[方法]随机抽取空调、普通公共汽车各100辆,应用先进的检测技术对车内可吸入颗粒物、CO、等效噪声等项目进行检测,运用统计软件SPSS13.0进行分析。[结果]空调车内的可吸入颗粒物、CO、等效噪音均在正常值范围之内;普通车的噪音超标。普通车内的可吸入颗粒物、等效噪音、CO等均高于空调车。可吸入颗粒物与乘车人数呈正相关关系。[结论]空调车内的空气质量在可吸入颗粒物、等效噪音、CO等指标上优于普通车。     

广州市公共汽车空调车厢内空气污染与防治对策

目的 了解不同监测时段、不同监测路段、不同监测区域的空调公共汽车内空气污染状况,为制定相应的防治对策提供依据.方法 选择不同监测时段、不同监测路段、不同监测区域的空调公共汽车,在开启空调通风系统及车内乘客人数接近的条件下分别测定车厢空气中CO、可吸入颗粒物、NO2的浓度.结果 空调公共汽车内空气中CO及可吸人颗粒物浓度在不同监测时段、不同监测路段、不同监测区域差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05),高峰期、繁忙路段、市区车内空气中CO及可吸入颗粒物平均浓度均显著高于非高峰期、非繁忙路段和郊区.其中CO及可吸入颗粒物的最高浓度分别超出我国<室内空气质量标准>GB/T18883-2002最高容许浓度的2.5倍和3.8倍.NO2的平均浓度均低于国家标准规定的最高容许浓度.结论 汽车尾气等因素可造成空调公交车车厢内空气污染,应给予广泛关注并加强控制.